Naloxone was patented in 1961 and approved for opioid overdose in the United States in 1971. It works by reversing the depression of the central nervous system and respiratory system caused by opioids. Naloxone is a non-selective and competitive opioid receptor antagonist. It appears to be safe in pregnancy, after having been given to a limited number of women. In those with previous heart disease or taking medications that negatively affect the heart, further heart problems have occurred. To prevent this, small doses every few minutes can be given until the desired effect is reached. Īdministration to opioid-dependent individuals may cause symptoms of opioid withdrawal, including restlessness, agitation, nausea, vomiting, a fast heart rate, and sweating. Emergency medical services data from Massachusetts found that 93.5% of people given naloxone survived their overdose. Multiple doses may be required, as the duration of action of some opioids is greater than that of naloxone. Naloxone blocks the effects of opioids for 30 to 90 minutes. The medicine can also be administered by spraying it into a person's nose. Effects begin within two minutes when given intravenously, and within five minutes when injected into a muscle. It is used to counter decreased breathing in opioid overdose. Naloxone, sold under the brand name Narcan among others, is a medication used to reverse or reduce the effects of opioids.
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